The eruption was highly energetic and as a result erupted material reached altitudes of around 30km. This article describes the effect of the recent (January 2022) Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption on the stratosphere. Unexpected consequences, is likely to remain out of reach for many years. To achieve specific temperature goals and with well-quantified risks of
The authors note that these inter-modelĭifferences are unlikely to be resolved quickly and that controlled SAI, To the pre-existing sulphate distribution which will be determined byįuture anthropogenic emissions. Precipitation to an imposed radiative perturbation and the ensuing oceanĬirculation response, are identified that contribute to the strongĭifferences in model response to SAI. In particular the difference in rapid response in clouds and in In particular this means that the SAI determined by theĬontrol algorithms as those required to achieve temperature targetsĭifferent significantly from one model to another. Reflecting fundamental uncertainties in model representation of key That the simulated climate response to SAI is strongly model-dependent, Using model information, to meet specific targets on the temperature Model simulations that in principle injection could be 'controlled', Media and in policy circles as a possible action to limit future Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) is often discussed in the (5) Implementing only the COP26 pledges increases UK 1% annual probability flood losses by ~23% above recent historical values, and potentially ~37% if climate sensitivity turns out to be higher than currently thought. (4) Increases in risk can be kept to around ~8% if all COP26 2030 carbon emission reduction pledges and ‘net zero’ commitments are implemented in full. (3) The UK 1% annual probability flood losses were only about 6% greater in the average climate conditions of 2020 than for the period of historical river flow and rainfall observations (centred approximately on 1995). (2) Official UK estimates lie well outside the paper's modelled loss distribution, which is plausibly centred on the observations. The key findings of their work are: (1) Previous UK flood losses based on government data and used in national climate change risk assessments are overestimated by a factor of about 3. Their paper provides the most detailed and realistic analysis to date of current and future flood risk in the UK. The authors then use their scheme to estimate the probability-loss distribution for UK flooding under various future climate and policy scenarios. The NHESS paper “A climate-conditioned catastrophe risk model for UK flooding” by Bates and colleagues presents and validates a new flood model for the UK that simulates pluvial, fluvial and coastal flood risks at a resolution of 20 to 25 metres. This is a great example of using this method, hopefully paving the way to more studies of this sort to come. Selective isotopic labeling of organic molecules is a powerful method for studying reaction mechanisms, and it is currently underutilized in the community. In the present study, selective isotope labeling was combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry to greatly enhance the possibilities to identify relevant reaction pathways. The experimental and theoretical elucidation of the mechanism is challenging due to the large number and isomerism of possible intermediates and their numerous reaction pathways. Autoxidation involves organic peroxy radicals which undergo one or more intramolecular H-shifts with subsequent O2 addition leading to the formation of HOMs. These have low volatility and produce secondary organic aerosols that are relevant to climate and human health. In the last decade it was discovered that autoxidation of monoterpenes produces highly oxidised organic molecules (HOM) in the atmosphere.
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